The court had allowed the marines to go home to vote in last month's elections.
Ambassador Daniele Mancini had personally assured the court the marines would return by 22 March.
On Wednesday, PM Manmohan Singh warned that "there will be consequences" unless Italy returned the marines.
In unusually strong language, the prime minister said that Italy's refusal to send back the marines was "unacceptable".
Rome's decision has come as a major embarrassment for the
Indian government and opposition parties have been demanding their
immediate return.
'Breach of undertaking'
On Thursday morning, the court headed by Chief Justice Altamas
Kabir issued a notice to the Italian ambassador, restraining him from
leaving without its permission.
The ambassador has been asked to respond to the notice by 18 March.
India's Attorney General GE Vahanvati told the judges that
Rome's failure to return the two marines "is a breach of undertaking
given to the highest court of the land and the government is extremely
concerned about it".
In February, the Supreme Court allowed Massimilian Latorre
and Salvatore Girone to go home to vote in the Italian elections. They
were ordered to return within four weeks.
But on Monday, Italy informed India that the marines would not be coming back, prompting a diplomatic row.
The marines are accused of shooting the fishermen in February 2012. They said they mistook them for pirates.
Italy argues that because the case is now the subject of
international maritime law, it has been decided that the pair will not
return to India "on the expiration of the permission granted to them".
Rome says that it wants its nationals to be tried in Italy.
Because the incident took place in international waters, Italy believes
India has no jurisdiction in the case.
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